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Comparative Political Studies
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World Separation of Religion and State Into the 21st Century

Jonathan Fox

Bar Ilan University, Israel

This study examines the extent of separation of religion and state (SRAS) between 1990 and 2002 in 152 states using the Religion and State database. The results show that when using a strict interpretation of SRAS—nostate support for religion and no state restrictions on religion–no state has full SRAS except the United States. Even when discounting moderate amounts of government involvement in religion (GIR), greater than three quarters of states do not have SRAS. The findings also show that GIR has increased slightly between 1990 and 2002, economic development is associated with higher levels of GIR, states with Muslim majorities have higher levels of government support for religion, and democracies have higher levels of SRAS than do autocratic states but rarely have full SRAS. This contradicts the idea that SRAS is an essential element of democracy and predictions that religion will cease to be an important political and social factor in modern times.

Key Words: separation of religion and state • democracy • Islam • Christianity • modernization • economic development • secularization

Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 39, No. 5, 537-569 (2006)
DOI: 10.1177/0010414005276310
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[Abstract] [PDF]